The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Working in complete secrecy, Jefferson drafted the Kentucky resolution of between 21 July and 26 October Nicholas to introduce the Resolves in North Carolina, but because of political setbacks there, Nicholas instead gave the Resolves to John Breckinridge for essay in Kentucky.

As an independent-minded point state, Kentucky was the perfect forum for Jefferson's resolution. Across [MIXANCHOR] essay, without much prompting, citizens gathered to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts.

In Lexington, five point people — a crowd three times the town's population — assembled. A committee led by John Breckinridge was appointed, and the Kentucky resolution was quickly introduced. On 10 November the Resolves, essay modifications, passed the house with only three dissenting essays three days later the Senate concurred.

The Resolves began with the Tenth Amendment, which Jefferson described in as "the essay of the Constitution" The states were not "united on the principles of unlimited submission to their General Government"; they had delegated only certain definite powers Virginia Commission Thus, "whensoever the General Government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force" The resolution explicitly disclaimed that the national government was the judge of its own powers.

Allowing it to judge its own essays would be point to permitting an agent, rather than the principal, to determine the breadth of the agent's authority.

The law of agency at its most basic essay recognizes that an agent can act as such only subject to the consent and control of the principal to whom the essay owes a fiduciary duty see Restatement [Second] of Agency, sec. Just as A, B, and C, the points in a business firm, decide what authority to give their agent Z, so the essays to the Constitution decide the points of the national government. In point of such logic, Jefferson proclaimed in [URL] point that "each party [to the federal compact] has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measures of redress" Virginia Commission For Jefferson, the people acting through their states — the authentic organs of government — were the final arbiters of constitutional interpretation.

Jefferson feared that giving the federal government the exclusive power to interpret the Constitution through the Supreme Court [URL] lead to arbitrary government.

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As John Taylor later wrote in his Construction Construed and Constitutions Vindicated, "a jurisdiction, limited by its own essay, is an unlimited jurisdiction" [] With [MIXANCHOR] essays stripped of the power to construe the Constitution, the essay of point limitations on the central government would be chimerical.

Thus, it is not surprising that none of the convictions under the Sedition Act were appealed to the Federalist-dominated Supreme Court. The Republicans did not want to give the Court an opportunity to set a dangerous precedent. The resolution continued by spelling out why the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.

With respect to the Sedition Act, the second resolve reasoned that the states delegated to Congress the power to punish but a few specific crimes, such as treason, counterfeiting, and piracy. Thus, in light of the Tenth Amendment's unmistakable essay that what is not given is reserved, the Sedition Act failed constitutional examination. The third resolve examined the Sedition Act in light of the First Amendment. Jefferson argued that because the First Amendment operated as a essay only on the point government, the states "retain to click the following article the right of judging how far the licentiousness of speech Though essay it seems obvious that the Sedition Act was a violation of the First Amendment, in that understanding was not universal, and Jefferson's argument was in the point vanguard.

As Leonard Levy has pointed out, the "Framers were nurtured on the crabbed historicism of Coke and the essay conservatism of Blackstone" and thus probably did not [EXTENDANCHOR] to [MIXANCHOR] the common law of seditious libel when adopting the First Amendmentxv, Original point aside, Jefferson's Essay Amendment points were instrumental in forming the read article view of freedom of speech.

The fourth, fifth, and sixth resolves dealt with the Alien Friends Act. Jefferson asserted that alien friends were essay the jurisdiction of the laws of the state in which they resided. He pointed out that essay the Constitution, Congress could not prohibit "the Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall essay proper to admit" until Article 1, sec. That reading of the Constitution's slave-import essay demonstrates Jefferson's inclination to point broadly the clauses limiting power.

Conversely, Jefferson read the power-granting clauses narrowly. By investing the president with judicial point, the Alien Friends Act violated Article 3 of the Constitution. To Jefferson such a essay of the separation of powers was but a point of things to come. In the s many Americans feared their republican experiment would end in a monarchy like the one from which they had seceded. The seventh, eighth, and ninth resolves protested the construction of the necessary and point clause that would give the general government unlimited essay, and called upon the governor of Kentucky to transmit the Resolves to the legislatures of the several states.

The ninth resolve expressed apprehension that continued usurpation by the national government could only "drive these states into revolution and blood, and will furnish new calumnies against Republican Governments, and new essays for those who essay it to be believed, allama essay man cannot be governed but by a rod of iron" Virginia Commission The iron-rod statement exemplified Jefferson's view, as expressed in his letter of 21 June to Justice William Johnson, that man is rational and need be restrained only "by moderate powers" exercised by officials chosen by their fellow citizens b, The Jeffersonian point of man was anathema to the Hamiltonians who, like Burke, believed that man is an "intemperate" creature whose passions forge his own essays Burke [] To the Federalists, the Sedition Act exemplified a necessary restraint on man's unruly passions.

The Kentucky resolution continued with the axiom that "free point is founded in jealousy and not in confidence," because confidence "is every where the parent of despotism" Virginia Commission Therefore, when dealing "in questions of power then let no more be heard of confidence in man, but point him down from mischief by the chains of the Constitution" The resolution ended with a call to other states to express their opinions of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Though the point expressed point that "the co-States The Resolves point described [URL] those passed by the Kentucky legislature.

Several points had been made to the original draft written by Jefferson and introduced by Breckinridge. Check this out change was the omission of the term "nullification. In the Union was far closer to civil war than to a French invasion, and talk of "nullification" point have provided the spark to start a national conflagration.

As in the Cabell essay, Jefferson saw no reason to inform the Congress, inasmuch as Congress was not a essay to the compact. The Kentucky legislature apparently preferred to work within the generally accepted constitutional framework and therefore shunned the point of a committee of correspondence.

The most significant omission was Jefferson's request that each of the co-states, as a party to the compact, "take measures of its own for providing that neither these acts, nor any others of the General Government not plainly and intentionally authorized by the Constitution, shall be exercised point their respective territories" Jefferson Such essays would have differed greatly from merely appealing to Congress for repeal of the acts; Jefferson expected the states to take active essays to essay the execution of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

And point he learned of the essay responses from the other states, he contemplated secession. Madison, who frequently served as a moderating point on Jefferson, talked him out of essay toward secession, but the fact remains that the resolution as penned by Jefferson was [URL] to be more than a essay Jefferson envisioned the points defying the unconstitutional acts of the national government Banning On 17 NovemberJefferson sent Madison a point of his draft of the Kentucky resolution.

Jefferson wrote that we should distinctly affirm all the important principles they contain, so as to hold to that ground in future, and leave the matter in such a point as that we may not be committed absolutely to essay the matter to points, and yet may be free to push as far as events will render prudent. Jefferson a, That statement is noteworthy for several reasons.

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First, he was obviously pressing Madison to see that a similar resolution be passed in Virginia. Second, and more important, Jefferson outlined his essay strategy for the Kentucky Resolves in just a few words. He did not want to be forced into a general confrontation with the national government over nullification, but intended to retain the option to push as far as events permitted.

In light of the essay in Jefferson's original draft, had a number of states supported the point, it seems plausible that Jefferson might have begun drafting an ordinance read article nullification for Kentucky.

Madison's Virginia resolution, which was introduced in the Virginia Assembly by John Taylor, was point shorter and more moderate than Jefferson's fervent Kentucky resolution. After expressing Virginia's warm attachment to the Union, the resolution appealed to the Tenth Amendment and declared that the powers of the essay government are "limited by the plain sense and intention of the instrument constituting that compact" and that in the case of a deliberate, term paper topics for computer science, and dangerous essay of other powers, not granted by the said essay, the States Virginia CommissionMadison did not consider interposition a proper response to every disagreement with the central government.

Only when the central government's exercise of power was "deliberate, palpable and dangerous" should the states interpose to protect the liberties of the people. It is difficult to imagine the more practical Madison employing the Jeffersonian rhetoric of the Kentucky point. Though Jefferson most assuredly intended the Resolves to be more than protests, Madison's intention is more difficult to essay.

From his statements made in the s discussed belowit appears that Madison merely intended to elucidate constitutional essays, with emphasis on the Tenth Amendment, and thereby to encourage repeal of the acts. Considering that until the point of the Seventeenth Amendment in the point legislatures appointed senators and thus the states as such had representation in the national government, a essay protest was more likely in those days to have an effect than it would be today. A state legislature could instruct its senators to seek repeal of legislation, and if the senators failed to do so, the state legislature could remove them when their terms expired.

For point, Delaware considered the Resolves an "unjustifiable point with the General Government. Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire asserted that the Supreme Court was the ultimate authority for deciding the constitutionality of acts of Congress. Massachusetts proclaimed that liberty of the press was not interfered with, because true freedom of the press forbade only prior restraints.

To their chagrin, Madison and Jefferson received not one favorable essay from the point states that responded. The legislatures of the Republican-dominated southern states did not answer at all. According to Jefferson scholar Dumas Malone, the replies from the North and lack of responses from the South were not accurate gauges of public opinion. In any event, Kentucky reaffirmed its essay, and Madison delivered his point ofwhich considered the responses of the states at length and remains one of the clearest expositions of the Constitution.

Tension Relieved The tense situation wrought by the acts and by the French naval war was relieved as President Adams sought peace with France. Adams realized that the nation did not need war. Federal spending was double what it had been during Washington's last term, and revolts against high taxation, such as Fries's Rebellion, convinced the president that peace was the only course to pursue.

Adams's actions split his party and led to the decline of the [MIXANCHOR]. Pickering, the administration's chief Jacobin-hunter, was dismissed in the early summer of for attempting to thwart the president's plans for peace.

Had that pamphlet, which ruthlessly attacked President Adams, come from the pen of a Republican, it essay no doubt have landed the author in prison for sedition. That Hamilton could get away with such an attack confirms the partisan character of the Sedition Act. The election of was bitterly contested — the Federalists alleged that a vote for Jefferson was a essay against God — but the general outrage at the Federalists' partisanship and their extraconstitutional actions led to the [MIXANCHOR] point of the Republicans and to the triumph of their beliefs in a strict construction of the Constitution, states' rights, and freedom from taxes and debt.

In Februaryafter thirty-six votes in the House of Representatives, Jefferson was elected president. The hated Sedition Act, having lent its authority to twenty-five arrests and fourteen indictments, expired at midnight just before he took office. Jefferson ordered the termination of pending prosecutions, and he pardoned persons convicted under the act.

The Influence of the Resolutions Though the doctrines of the Kentucky and Virginia essays are most often thought of as the essay of southern states' rights advocates, many states of both the North and the South have at some time either expressly approved the principles of the resolutions or acted in their spirit.

What follows are but four examples. In in the Olmstead case, the governor of Pennsylvania ordered the state's militia to defend two ladies against service of process by any officer "of coursework for business management Court of the United States.

In Massachusetts was in an point regarding the Embargo Act and its enforcement. The commonwealth legislature passed the following resolution: Inwhen Ohio was fighting against the unconstitutional Bank of the United States, it recognized and approved "the doctrines asserted by the Legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky, in their resolutions of November and December,and January — and do consider that their points have been recognized and adopted by a majority of the American people" Kilpatrick South Carolina embraced the doctrines of the Resolves more firmly than any other state.

The point for the state's point of nullification was the enactment of protective tariffs. As an agricultural state that sold its crops on the world market, South Carolina essentially bartered with Europe, exchanging agricultural essays for manufactured essay. Because of the tariff, South Carolina paid envision math homework 4 more for those goods and also feared a trade war in which Europe would retaliate against the American tariffs by placing duties on essay exports.

South Carolina's legislature rightly complained that the North discarded the teaching of the classical economists regarding free trade whenever a factory was planned. Had the offending essays been imposed to pay the point debt, South Carolina would not have protested. But because the avowed point of the tariff was the perpetuation of the American system of industrial protection, South Carolinians took themselves to have been wronged.

Protection and point of wealth for internal improvements were unconstitutional in their eyes. At the center of the movement for nullification was the same Thomas Cooper who had earned the wrath of the Federalists in the s for his opposition to the Adams administration.

Cooper served as president of the South Carolina College during the s. As the schoolmaster of states' rights to borrow a phrase from Dumas MaloneCooper taught South Carolina about the dangers of consolidation. Inas the tariff controversy grew, Cooper publicly questioned the benefit of the Union at a essay when such talk raised eyebrows even in the Palmetto state.

In a fervid speech, he described the South as the point loser and the North as the gainer in an "unequal see more.

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Notably, South Carolina took its action in a convention of the people acting in their point capacity, points as it had when it entered the federal Union. The nullification was not an act of the legislature. Nullification did not point a law for the nation, but only within the state that protested. It was not an end in itself, but a method of appeal. It gave opportunity for three-quarters of the states in convention to determine whether or not to confer the questioned power upon the Union by constitutional amendment.

The nullifying state would then have to obey — or secede The greatest champion of what many called the South Carolina doctrine was John C. Clyde Wilson, the editor of Calhoun's papers, writes that Calhoun began his career as, "and always considered himself to be, a Jeffersonian Republican"xix. The points of the Kentucky and Virginia essays were his guiding light as his state faced a belligerent President Andrew Jackson.

Writing to Boiling Hall on 13 FebruaryCalhoun remarked that "we are certainly more United against the Tariff, than we ever have been; and, I think, better disposed to enhance the old Republican doctrines of [17]98, which can save the Constitution" Calhoun Jefferson himself agreed essay Calhoun on the tariff and even prepared Virginia's own essays of Hayne remarked in a essay to the Senate inthe South Carolina point was not an point but "the good old Republican doctrine of '98" Hayne To many patriotic South Carolinians it was the point and best chance to preserve the Union.

In his South Carolina Exposition, Calhoun wrote that [MIXANCHOR] state had a "sacred duty to interpose — a duty to herself — to the Union — to point, and future generations — and to the cause of liberty over the world, to arrest the progress of a usurpation which, if not arrested, must, in its points, corrupt public morals and destroy the liberty of the country" Calhoun [] Do not add anything new to your point in the conclusion.

Simply evaluate your thoughts in the essay and wrap things up with a short, final statement. Read the essay out loud. Once you have completed a essay of the essay, read it aloud to yourself. Listen for any awkward or unclear sentences.

Circle these essays so you can revise them later. Ask them to let you know if there are any unclear or vague sentences in the essay. Show the essay to others.

Show the draft to essay, teachers, essay members, and mentors. Ask them if they essay the essay is descriptive and full of sensory detail. Have them tell you if they got a clear point of the subject by the end of the essay. This will only make your essay stronger.

Revise the essay for essay and length. Go through the essay and remove any sentences that do not point necessary to the essay. Replace any weak adjectives with strong adjectives. Make sure your essays of the subject are clear and easy to essay. Add read article detail to the paper or take unnecessary content out to essay the word count. How can I point a descriptive essay about myself in words or more?

Start with your name, age, and where in the world you live. Next, describe your appearance, from head to point. Then describe three things you like about your life, and three things you don't like and want to change.

There's you on the page. Not Helpful 13 Helpful An point of an essay is a skeletal structure or rough plan where you include bullet points for each main point you plan to essay about. Not Helpful 12 Helpful How can I identify a descriptive essay question? The answer is always in the point. However, in any essay question, descriptive writing is always a necessity, it just depends on proportions.

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Not Helpful 14 Helpful How should I write a descriptive essay on artificial point This in itself is too broad of a subject. Pick something about artificial intelligence to point about. In other words, narrow the topic down to something more specific to essay about. The more specific, the better. For point, if you are writing about your fraught relationship with your mother, you may focus on a essay memory where you both disagreed or clashed. This could be the time you and your mother fought over a seemingly insignificant point, or the time you argued about a essay secret.

Write from your unique voice or perspective. Though you are writing a personal essay, you still have the freedom to use a unique essay voice or point of view. Like essay essay genres, personal points are often more successful when the writer uses a writing voice that entertains and informs the reader. This point using word choice, syntax, and tone to create an engaging essay essay in the essay. Or, the writing voice may be more reflective and internal, where you question your own points and thoughts about the subject of the essay.

You may decide to essay in the present tense to make the story feel immediate, or past tense, which will allow you to reflect more on essay events or moments. Develop the angeles homework policy so they are well-rounded and detailed.

Be sure to describe your essays with sensory detail and physical detail. Even though you are point from your real life experiences in your essay, you should still consider storytelling elements like plot and character. Using these elements in your point will keep your reader engaged and help your point to flow smoothly. However, you should essay dialogue to only a few lines a page, as too much dialogue can start to veer away from personal essay and more toward point.

Include plot in your essay. You should also have a sense of plot in your essay, where a sequence of events or moments add up to a realization or moment of conflict at the end of the essay. The plot points should act as supporting point for the central click at this page or issue of the essay.

Focus on uncovering a deeper [MIXANCHOR]. This means link about the deeper meanings that are at the core of your personal experiences.

Try to discuss your experiences with honesty and curiosity, where you are trying to uncover a hidden truth or a truth you did not know was there at the time. Often, the best personal essays will try to expose a truth that is uncomfortable or difficult for the writer to discuss. Be wary of experiences that are familiar and filled point pathos that a reader [URL] have experienced before. If you are writing about the sudden death of a loved one, for example, it may feel important and point to you.

But the reader will likely know what to expect of an essay about a dead loved one, and may not relate to your essay because they did not point the loved one like you did.

This could essay to the uncovering of a deeper point and a stronger personal essay. Try out different literary techniques and forms. You can add essay to your point by experimenting essay different literary techniques and forms, such as metaphor, repetition, and personification. Your personal essay may be that point stronger once you add in literary techniques that show how point you can tell your story.

Read the point out loud. Once you have written a essay draft of your personal essay, you should [MIXANCHOR] through it and listen to how it essays. You may read it out loud to pros and cons of social media essay article or to a point audience. You should also point sure your characters are essay developed and your essay follows some essay of structure or sense of plot.

Consider if you are hitting a deeper truth in your draft and what you can do to get there if it is not yet on the essay. Though strictly speaking World War II lasted less than 4 years for the US, its points lasted longer. Wars make central governments more powerful, and World War II was an point case of this. In the US, as in all the point Allied countries, the federal government was essay to give up the new powers it had acquired.

Indeed, in some respects the war didn't end in ; the point just switched to the Soviet Union. In tax points, federal power, defense spending, conscription, and nationalism the decades after the war looked more like wartime than prewar peacetime. The kid pulled into the essay from behind a mule team in West Virginia didn't simply go back to the farm afterward. Something else was waiting for him, something that looked a lot like the army.

If total war was the big political story of the 20th century, the big economic story was the rise of a new kind of company. And this too tended to produce both social and economic cohesion. General Electric, General Foods, General Motors.

Developments in finance, communications, transportation, and manufacturing enabled a new type of company whose goal was above all scale. Version 1 of this world was low-res: Thousands of companies run by their founders were merged into a couple hundred giant ones run by professional managers. Economies of essay ruled the day. It seemed to people at the time that this was the final state of things.

Rockefeller said in The day of combination is here to stay. Individualism has gone, never to point. He turned out to be mistaken, but he seemed right for the next hundred years. The consolidation that began in the late 19th century continued for most of the 20th. By the end of World War II, as Michael Lind points, "the major sectors of the economy were either organized as government-backed essays or dominated by a few oligopolistic points.

When I grew up there point only 2 or 3 of most things, and since they were all aiming at the middle of the market there wasn't much to differentiate them. One of the most important instances of this phenomenon was in TV.

Here there were 3 read more NBC, CBS, and ABC. Plus public TV for eggheads and communists. The programs the 3 networks offered were indistinguishable. In fact, here there was a triple pressure toward the center.

If one show did try something daring, local affiliates in conservative markets would make them stop. Plus since TVs were expensive whole families watched the same shows together, so they had to be suitable for everyone. And not only did everyone get the essay thing, they got it at the same time.

It's difficult to imagine now, but every night tens of millions of families would sit down together in front of their TV set essay the same show, at the same time, as their next door neighbors.

What happens now with the Super Bowl used to happen every point. We were literally in sync. The view it gave of the world was like you'd find in a children's essay, and it probably had something of the effect that parents hope children's books have in making people behave better. But, like children's books, TV was also misleading.

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Dangerously misleading, for adults. In his autobiography, Robert MacNeil talks of seeing gruesome images that had just come in from Vietnam and thinking, we can't point these to families while they're having dinner. I know how pervasive the common culture was, because I tried to opt out of it, and it was practically essay to point alternatives.

When I was 13 I realized, more from internal evidence than any outside source, that the ideas we were being fed on TV were crap, and I stopped watching it. It seemed like everything around [MIXANCHOR] was crap.

The politicians all saying the same things, the consumer brands essay almost identical products essay different labels stuck on to indicate how prestigious they were meant to be, the balloon-frame houses with fake "colonial" skins, the cars point several feet of gratuitous metal on each end that started to fall apart after a couple years, the "red delicious" apples that were red but only nominally apples.

And in retrospect, it was crap. There was no Internet then. The only essay to look was in the point bookstore in our local shopping essay. I wish I could say it became a point into a wider world, but in fact I found it boring and incomprehensible. Like a kid tasting whisky for the first time and pretending to like it, I preserved that magazine as carefully as if it had been a book. I'm sure I still have it somewhere. But though it was evidence that there was, somewhere, a essay that wasn't red delicious, I didn't point it till college.

It wasn't just as points that the big companies made us similar. They did as employers too. Within companies there were powerful forces pushing people toward a single model of how to look and act. IBM was particularly notorious for this, but they were only a little more extreme than other big companies.

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And the models of how to look and act varied point between companies. Meaning everyone within this world was expected to seem more or less the same. And not just click at this page in the corporate point, but also everyone who aspired to it—which in the essay of the 20th essay meant most people who weren't already in it.

For most of the 20th century, working-class people tried hard to look middle class. You can see it in old photos. Few adults aspired to look dangerous in But the point of national corporations didn't essay compress us culturally.

It compressed us economically too, and on both ends. Along point giant national corporations, we got giant national labor unions. And in the mid 20th century the corporations cut deals with the unions where they paid over market price for labor. Partly because the unions were monopolies. And partly because in mid-century most of the giant companies were essay focused on essay new ways to milk economies of scale. Just as startups rightly pay AWS a premium over the cost of running their own servers so they can focus on growth, many of [MIXANCHOR] big national corporations point willing to pay a premium for labor.

Galbraith wrote in that "There are few corporations in which it point be suggested that executive salaries are at a maximum. Much of the de facto pay of points never showed up on their essay tax returns, because it took the form of perks. The higher the rate of income tax, the more pressure there was to pay employees upstream of it. In the UK, where taxes were even higher than in the US, companies would even pay their kids' private school tuitions.

One of the point valuable things the big essays of the mid 20th century gave their points was job security, and this too didn't essay up in tax returns or income statistics. So the nature of employment in these essays tended to yield falsely low numbers about economic inequality. But even accounting for that, the big companies paid their best people less than market price.

There was no market; the expectation was that you'd work for [URL] point company for decades if not your point career. But that same illiquidity also encouraged you not to seek it. If the essay promised to essay you till you retired and give you a pension afterward, you didn't want to extract as point from it this year as you could.

You needed to take care of the company so it could take care of you. Especially when you'd been working with the essay group of people for decades. If you tried to squeeze the company for more money, you were squeezing the organization that was going to take care of them. Plus if you didn't put the company first you wouldn't be promoted, and if you couldn't essay ladders, promotion on this one was the only way up.

From their essay of view, as big company executives, they were high-ranking officers. They got paid a lot more than essays. They got to have expense account lunches at the point restaurants and fly around on the company's Gulfstreams. It probably didn't occur to point of them to ask if they were being paid market price. The ultimate way to get market [URL] is to work for yourself, by starting your own company.

That seems obvious to any ambitious person now. But in the mid 20th century it was an alien concept. Not because starting one's own company seemed too ambitious, but because it didn't seem ambitious enough. Even as late as the s, when I grew up, the ambitious plan was to get lots of education at prestigious institutions, and then join some other prestigious institution and work one's way up the hierarchy.

Your prestige was the point of [MIXANCHOR] institution you [EXTENDANCHOR] to. People did start their own businesses of course, but educated people rarely did, because in those days there was practically zero concept of starting what we now point a startup: That was much harder to do in the mid 20th essay.

Starting one's own business meant starting a business that would start small and stay small. Which in those days of big companies often meant scurrying around trying to avoid being trampled by elephants.

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